토마스 콜의 작품세계 [1840~1848] - Thomas Cole

토마스 콜의 작품세계 [1840~1848] - Thomas Cole

American Painter. Hudson River School, Romanticism :

1801 Bolton, Lancashire, United Kingdom ~ 1848 Catskill, New York, USA]

허드슨 강파를 창시한 미국의 낭만파 풍경화가.

그의 가족은 영국에서 미국 필라델피아로 이주했다가, 오하이오 주 스튜번빌에 정착했다. 콜은 스타인이라는 떠돌이 초상화가에게 처음 그림을 배운 뒤 펜실베이니아 미술 아카데미에서 2년 동안 공부했다.

1825년 뉴욕의 한 가게 진열장에 놓여 있던 콜의 풍경화 몇 점이 존 트럼벌 대령과 화가인 애셔 B. 듀런드의 관심을 끌었다. 이들은 그의 작품을 사들이는 한편 장차 그의 성공을 확신하면서 후원자를 소개해주었다.

1826년 콜은 허드슨 강 서쪽 연안에 있는 뉴욕 주 캐츠킬이라는 마을에 정착했다. 그는 이 마을을 중심으로 하여 미국 북동부지역을 주로 걸어서 두루 돌아다니며 풍경을 연필로 스케치했다. 그는 잦은 도보 여행에서 그린 이 스케치를 바탕으로 겨울에는 화실에서 작품으로 완성했다.

대표적인 풍경화 가운데 〈강의 물굽이 The Ox-Bow〉(1846, 뉴욕 메트로폴리탄 미술관)는 매사추세츠 주에서 그린 연필 스케치를 토대로 한 것이었다. 허드슨 강 유역의 풍경을 경외하는 마음으로 기록한 콜의 풍경화는 북아메리카의 숲에서 느낄 수 있는 고적함과 신비감을 충실히 반영했다.

콜은 눈으로 직접 본 풍경을 세부까지 자세하게 사실적으로 그리는 한편 대담한 명암효과를 이용하여 상상 속에 존재하는 웅장하고 극적인 풍경도 창조할 수 있었다. 그의 작품에 등장하는 인간은 항상 주변 풍경의 장엄함에 압도당한 모습으로 나타난다.

콜은 1829~32, 1841~42년을 외국(주로 이탈리아)에서 보냈으며 피렌체에서는 미국의 조각가인 호레이쇼 그리노와 함께 지냈다. 미국으로 돌아온 그는 〈제국의 행로 The Course of Empire〉(1836)라는 제목으로 5점의 거대한 연작 그림을 그렸다. 이 그림들은 볼네의 〈몰락, 또는 제국의 혁명에 관한 명상 Ruines, ou méditations sur les révolutions des empires〉(1791)을 바탕으로 인류의 진보를 우의적으로 그린 것이다.

〈인생 여정 The Voyage of Life〉(1839 시작)이라는 제목의 2번째 연작은 어린시절부터 노년에 이르는 인생의 여로를 4개의 상징적 장면으로 묘사하고 있다. 콜은 죽기 직전에 종교적 성격의 〈세계의 십자가 The Cross of the World〉라는 또 다른 연작을 그리기 시작했다.

콜이 죽은 이듬해에 듀런드는 콜을 추모해 그린 〈서로 마음이 맞는 사람들 Kindred Spirits〉(1849, 뉴욕 공립도서관)이라는 유명한 그림에서 콜과 시인인 윌리엄 쿨런 브라이언트의 우정에 경의를 표하고 있다.

Landscape 1825, oil on canvas, 60.33 × 80.01 cm, Minneapolis Institute of Arts

A View Of Port Putnam, 1825

Lake with Dead Trees (Catskill) 1825, oil on canvas,

Allen Memorial Art Museum (AMAM), Oberlin, OH, US

Landscape the Seat of Mr. Featherstonhaugh in the Distance 1826

Scene from the Last of the Mohicans 1826, Oil on panel

Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, IL., United States of America

Scene from the Last of the Mohicans (detail) 1826, Oil on canvas

Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, IL., United States Of America

Daniel Boone Sitting at the Door of His Cabin on the Great Osage Lake. 1826. oil on canvas.

Mead Art Museum - Amherst, MA  (United States - Amherst, Massachusetts)

Falls of the Kaaterskill​. 1826. oil on canvas. 116.84 X 91.44 cm.

Tuscaloosa Museum of Art  (United States - Tuscaloosa)

From the Top of Kaaterskill Falls. ​1826. oil on canvas. 79.6 X104.46 cm

Detroit Institute of the Arts (United States - Detroit)

Kaaterskill Falls. 1826. oil on canvas. 25.25 X36.31 cm.

Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT, (United States - Hartford, Connecticut)

Landscape, the Seat of Mr Featherstonhaugh in the Distance. 1826.

oil on canvas. Private collection

Mountain Sunrise, Catskill. 1826, oil on panel.  45 x 61 cm. Private collection.

Sunrise in the Catskill Mountains. 1826, oil on canvas. 64.77 X 90.17 cm.

National Gallery of Art - Washington DC  (United States - Washington)

View on the Schoharie. 1826. oil on canvas

New York State Historical Association (United States - Cooperstown, New York)

Landscape with Indian​. 1826, oil on canvas. 45.72 X 37.47 cm

Crystal Bridges Art Museum  (United States - Bentonville, Arkansas

The Tempest. 1825 ~1826. OIL on PANEL. 47.63 x 66.04 cm.

High Museum of Art - Atlanta, GA (United States - Atlanta, Georgia)

Autumn in the Catskills. 1827. oil on panel. 18.63 x 25.44 cm.

Arnot Art Museum - Elmira (NY) (United States - Elmira, New York)

Indian Sacrifice. 1827. oil on canvas. 122 x 91.2 cm

University of Pennsylvania Museum, United States

Landscape Composition. St John in the Wilderness​. 1827. oil on canvas.

Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT, US- Hartford, Connecticut

Indians Viewing Landscape. 1827. oil on panel.& 15.24 X 18.42 cm. Private Collection

Mount Chocorua, New Hampshire. 1827. oil on panel. 58.42 X 82.55 cm. Private Collection.

Scene from The Last of the Mohicans Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tanemund. 1827. oil on canvas. Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT, US - Hartford, Connecticut.

Scene from 'The Last of the Mohicans', by James Fenimore Cooper. 1827. oil on canvas.

New York State Historical Association (United States - Cooperstown, New York)

Scene from 'The Last of the Mohicans', (Detail). 1827. oil on canvas.

New York State Historical Association (United States - Cooperstown, New York)

Summer Twilight. 1827. oil on canvas. 48.9 X 58.42 cm. Private Collection.

Sunny Morning on the Hudson River. 1827. oil on panel. 47.31 x 64.45 cm

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco - de Young  (United States - San Francisco)

The Clove, Catskills 1827, Oil on canvas .89.22 X 64.14 cm

New Britain Museum of American Art, New Britain, C.T., United States Of America

View in the White Mountains. 1827. oil on canvas. Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT, US

Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 1827 - 1828, Oil on canvas

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, M.A., United States Of America

View in the White Mountains, 1827, Oil on canvas,​ 68.9 X 81.85 cm.

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco - de Young  (United States - San Francisco)

Landscape with Dead Trees. 1827. oil on canvas.

Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art  (United States - Providence, Rhode Island)

Falls of the Kaaterskill 1826, Painting, Oil on canvas, 109 x 92 cm, Private collection

Falls of Kaaterskill 1826 , Oil on canvas, The Warner Collection of Gulf Paper Corporation,

Tuscaloosa, A.L, United States Of America

View near Ticonderoga (also known as Gelyna), 1826~1828, oil on panel,

Fort Ticonderoga Museum (United States - Fort Ticonderoga, New York)

Autumn Landscape (Mount Chocorua). 1827~1828. oil on canvas. 127 X 96.4 cm. Private Collection

Winnipesaukee. 1827~1828. oil on canvas.  64.77 X 989.54 cm

Albany Institute of History and Art  (United States - Albany

View on Lake Winnipiseogee. 1828. oil on canvas. 26 X 19.75 cm.

The Garden of Eden, 1828. oil on canvas. 97.79 X 133.99 cm.

Amon Carter Museum of American Art - Fort Worth, TX  (United States - Fort Worth)

Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 1827 - 1828, Oil on canvas

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, M.A., United States of America

Expulsion, Moon and Firelight 1828, Oil on canvas, 91 x 122 cm

Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Museum. Madrid, Spain

Landscape with Dead Tree. 1828. oil on canvas. 82.5 X 67.2 cm.

Rhode Island School of Design Museum (RISD Museum), Providence, RI, US

View of L`Esperance on the Schoharie River. 1826~1828. oil on canvas. Private Collection

View of Monte Video Seat of Daniel Wadsworth Esq, 1828. oil on panel.

Wadsworth Atheneum - Hartford, CT (United States - Hartford, Connecticut)

Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge, 1829, Midium Oil on canvas. 90.8 X 121.4cm, Smithsonian American Art Museum (and the Renwick Gallery) - Washington DC . USA.

Castle and English Countryside. 1830. oil on canvas. 55.88 X 76.2 cm. Private collection

Distant View of the Niagara Falls. 1830. oil on canvas. 109.2 X 91.4 cm.

Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US

Morning Mist Rising Plymouth New Hampshire, A View in the United States of American in Autunm.

1830. oil on canvas. 38.1 X 55.88 cm.

A Wild Scene, 1831~1832, oil on canvas, 128.3 × 193 cm

Aqueduct near Rome . 1832. oil on canvas. Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum -

St Louis, MO (United States - St. Louis, Missouri)

The Cascatelli, Tivoli, Looking Towards Rome (also known as view of rome frm tivoli).

1832, oil on canvas, 81.8 × 113 cm. Columbus Museum of Art (Ohio) (USA-Columbus, Ohio)

Head of a Roman Woman, from Nature. 1832, oil on boaed, 62.2 × 50.8 cm. Private collection.

A View near Tivoli (Morning) 1832, Oil on canvas, 37.5 × 58.7 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art

A Wild Scene. 1831~1832. oil on canvas. 76 X 50.5 cm.

Baltimore Museum of Art (BMA), Baltimore, MD, US

Campagna di Roma (study for Aqueduct near Rome). 1832. sketch and study,​ oil on canvas.

21.59 X 29.21 cm, Private Collection

Interior of the Colosseum Rome 1832, oil on canvas

Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, NY, US

Landscape Composition Italian Scenery. 1831~1832. oil on canvas. 156.2 X 103.4 cm.

Ruined Castle and River. 1832. oil on canvas. 53.3 X 64.8 cm.

Brooklyn Museum, New York City, NY, US

Aqueduct near Rome. 1832. oil on canvas. sketch and study

Catskill Scenery. 1833. oil on canvas. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO, US

Scene from -Manfred. 1833, oil on canvas.

Yale University Art Gallery (Yale University), New Haven, CT, US

Italian Scene Composition,  1833. oil on canvas.

New York Historical Society (United States - New York, New York)

The Titan's Goblet 1833 , Oil on canvas, 49 x 41 cm,

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y. United States Of America

Autumn Twilight: View of Copway Peak (also known as Mount Chocorua, New Hampshire).

1834. oil on woos. 35 X 49.5 cm. New York Historical Society  (United States - New York)

Moonlight.  1833-34. oil on canvas.

Summer Twilight. A Recollection of a Scene in New England, 1834. oil on wood.

49.7 x 34.6 cm. New York Historical Society (United States - New York, New York)

The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds. 1833~1834. oil on canvas. 257.81 x 471.17 cm

Chrysler Museum of Art - Norfolk (Va) (United States - Norfolk, Virginia)

The Course of  The Empire - The Pastoral or Arcadian State, 1834. oil on canvas.

New York, Historical Society (United States - New York, New York)

The Tornado in the Wilderness. 1835, Oil on canvas,

The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., United States Of America

Self-Portrait. 1836. oil on canvas. 55.9 X 45.7 cm.

Sketch for The Oxbow. 1836. sketch and study. 24.46 X 14.94 cm. Private Collection

The Oxbow (also known as The Connecticut River near Northampton). 1836. oil on canvas.

130.81 X 193.04 cm. New York Historical Society (United States - New York, New Yorkz)

The Oxbow (the Connecticut River near Northampton). 1836. oil on canvas. 130.8 X 193 cm.

Sketch for 'The Oxbow'​. 1836.

Oil and pencil on composition board. 14.94 X 24.46 cm. Private collection

The Arcadian (The Course of Empire 2 - Pastoral State). 1836. oil on canvas. 160.4 x 99.5 cm

New York Historical Society  (United States - New York, New York)

The Course of Empire: Desolation 1836, Oil on canvas . 160.7 X 100 cm.

The New York Historical Society, New York, N.Y, United States Of America

The Consummation of the Empire 3.  1836, Series : The Course of Empire, Oil on canvas,

130 x 193 cm. New York Historical Society, New York, N.Y., United States Of America

The Course of the Empire- Destruction, 1836. oil on canvas. Series : The Course of Empire.

100.33 X 161.29 cm. New York Historical Society (United States - New York, New York)

View from Mount Holyoke, Northamptom, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm (detail) 1836,

Painting, Oil on canvas

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y., United States Of America

On Catskill Creek (unfinished?). 1836. oil on canvas. 52.39 X 39.85 cm. Private collection

Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower. 1832-36, oil on board.

Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, NY, US

Sunset of the Arno. 1837. oil on canvas. 130.18 X 81.28 cm. Private Collection

View of Florence from San Miniato. 1837. oil on canvas.

Cleveland Museum of Art (United States - Cleveland, Ohio)

View of Mount Etna from Taormina. 1837. oil on canvas. 121.92 x 82.55 cm.

View on the Catskill - Early Autumn1837. oil on canvas. 63 X 30 cm.

Metropolitan Museum of Art - New York, NY (United States - New York)

View on the Catskill - Early Autumn

The Clove, Catskills

Schroon Mountain, Adirondacks. Essex County, New York, after a Storm. 1838, Oil on canvas.

160 X 99 cm. Cleveland Museum of Art  (United States - Cleveland, Ohio)

Genevieve. 1838. oil on board 18.4 x 24.1 cm.

Davis Museum and Cultural Center - Wellesley, Massachusetts (United States)

Italian Coast Scene with Ruined Tower. 1838.

Sketch for "Dream of Arcadia". 1838. oil on canvas. Private Collection

Study for Dream of Arcadia. 1838. oil on panel. 22.2 X 36.8 cm.

New York Historical Society (United States - New York, New York)

Dream of Arcadia.1838. oil on canvas. Denver Art Museum (USA - Denver, Colorado)

The Departure.1838. oil on canvas. Corcoran Gallery of Art (USA - Washington D.C)

The Past. 1838.  oil on canvas.

Mead Art Museum - Amherst, MA (United States - Amherst, Massachusetts)

The Present. 1838. oil on canvas.

Mead Art Museum - Amherst, MA (United States - Amherst, Massachusetts)

The Return. 1838. oil on canvas.

Corcoran Gallery of Art (United States - Washington D.C)

View of the Arno. 1838. oil on canvas. 130.8 X 81.3 cm.

Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid, Spain

A View of the Mountain Pass Called the Notch of the White Mountains (Crawford Notch). 1839.

Oil on canvas. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., United States Of America

New England Scenery. 1839. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US

Portage Falls on the Genesee. 1839. ​oil on canvas.

​Seward House Historic Museum  (United States - Auburn, New York)